Vegetable Plant Families

All in the Family

Like all plants, every vegetable you eat is part of a specific plant family.  Knowing your plant families can help with your planting and harvesting and with your disease and pest control.  Organic gardeners and farmers often practice crop rotation.  In crop rotation, plant families are cycled from one bed to another (best results occur when families are grown in a specific bed only once every seven years).  This gives pest- and disease-susceptible plant families a better chance and ensures that the soil will not be depleted of the same nutreients year after year (since each plant family takes different needs different nutrients from the soil).  Plant rotation seems complicated at first but once the families are learned, it can become a simple way create the best vegetable production possible.  Containers can be used to add bed space to a small garden and keep the rotation going! 

History

Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) revolutionized botanical nomenclature and classification by setting out to name and organize all plants (and animals) known to him.  In 1867, Botanists from around the world met in Paris to further standardize the names and classifications of plants, using Linneaus' text as a base.  Since that time there have been changes, additions and evoltuions in the standardized text as more is learned about botanical relationships of plants (i.e. just because they look alike, doesn't mean two plants are related).  Today, gardeners can become botanical and scientific experts or just stick to the local common names of the plants in their gardens.  If you are planning on growing veggies though, there is a real benefit to knowing which family you're working with and its unique characteristics and needs.  Note that how plant families are named varies from one family to the next but they will all end in the Latin suffix -aceae, meaning "belonging to".

Alliaceae

"The Onion Family"

Onions Chives Leeks Garlic Shallots

All vegetables in the Alliaceae family have bulbs.  Some bulbs are underdeveloped (like leeks) and some come in bulk (like garlic).  They grow naturally in temperate zones and many varieties are found in the wild.  The family name derives from the Latin word for garlic but the bulb veggies have also been placed in the Amaryllidaceae and/or the Liliaceae family because of similar characteristics among the plants.  

Members of the Alliaceae family are fragrant (and can be pungent), due to their sulfur content.  They generally have long and hollow leaves and it can be difficult to tell them a part until flowers bloom or the harvest approaches.

Apiaceae

"The Parsley Family"

Parsley Carrots Parsnips Celery Cilantro Dill Fennel Cumin Coriander Angelica Poison hemlock

The Apiaceae name derives from the Latin for parsley and celery.  This family of mostly annuals is known for being aromatic and for their characteristic dome or bell shaped shoot of feathery leaves.  This shape gives them their alternative name, Umbelliferae.  They are native to temperate areas but varieties such as carrots and parsnips can be keep in the cold early winter ground until you want to harvest them.

Asteraceae

"The Sunflower Family"

Lettuce Artichokes Sunchokes Dandelions Sorrel Endive Rhubarb

 The Asteraceae family is very large but includes only a few edible varieties.  This family is also called Compositae because of its seemingly large flowers that are actually made of many smaller flowers (easily seen in dahlias and asters).  Lettuce is the most widely grown vegetable in the family but artichokes, which are tall and decorative perennials, and sunchokes (or Jerusalem artichokes), root crops that can be baked and eaten as a starch, are popular as well.  Many leaves in the Asteraceae family produce a bitter milk-sap that is used in herbal remedies for its soporific effect.

Brassicaceae

"The Mustard Family"

Cabbage Cauliflower Brussel sprouts Kale Broccoli Arugula Mustard greens Radishes Turnips

Many of our most common veggies come from the Brassicaceae family.  The plants in this family are grown for their leaves.  Brassicaceae, originally found around the Mediterranean, have been through some selective breeding from which the cabbage gave way to the both brussel sprouts and cauliflower.

Brassicaceaes are often called by their more ancient name, Cruciferae, referring to the cross-like image of the four petaled flowers of this family's flowers.  They are also humorously called the "clubroot" family because of their susceptibility to the disease, all the more reason why plant family rotation is a good idea.  These veggies are hardy in the heat and cold.

Chenopodiaceae

"The Beet Family"

 Beets Spinach Swiss chard Quinoa

The Chenopodiaceae gets its name from the Greek roots for goose (cheno-) and foot (pod-), making reference to the goosefoot shape of the leaves.  You may also find these plants listed under name Amaranthaceae which means "unfading in color", referring to their vibrant leaves.  Chenopodiaceae grow in temperate zones and are a small family of vegetables, the most well known are spinach and beets and swiss chard, which is (botanically speaking) an underdeveloped beet root with tasty leaves.

Cucurbitaceae

"The Gourd Family"

Squash Pumpkins Cucumbers Melon Zucchini

Veggies in the Cucurbitaceae family grow quickly, in climbing or sprawling tendrils.  Their fruit also expand relatively quickly and are filled with a water based sap.  They can get so big that this family is known to grow the biggest fruit in the world!  Cucurbitaceae do well in temperate and tropical zones and several varieties, such as pumpkins, are native to North America.

Fabaceae

"Pea Family"

Snow peas Shelling peas Green beans Black bean Soy beans Lentils Crimson clover

 The Fabaceae family is characterized by clusters of fruit that mature in pods.  The Romans called edible seeds that originated in pods "legumen", thus, the alternative name for this family is Leguminosae.  Harvested Fabaceae are high in nutrients but they bring the beneficial side effect of adding nitrates to the soil as well.  The nutrients they bring to the soil make Fabaceae an important part of crop rotation.

   Solanaceae

"The Nightshade Family"

Potatoes Tomatoes Peppers Eggplant Tobacco

The Solanaceae family gets its name from the Latin solacum (nightshade).  Many plants in this family have toxic leaves or berries (in fact, the only toxic free part of a potato is the tuber!).  Solanaceae are tropical perennials but are grown as annuals in temperate zones.  Certain varieties are temperature sensitive, when growing peppers for example, the hotter the region, the hotter your peppers will be!  The Solananceae family is large and many of its veggies now serve as staples in diets around the world.

 

Now that you know...

Crop rotation in your garden doesn't need to happen overnight but it is a good goal to have in mind when designing your beds and it is an important part of growing the healthiest veggies you can.  Please note that if you are still worried about the bed space needed to accomplish crop rotation, you could consider companion planting and plant two compatible families together in one bed, maximizing your space and the needs of your plants! 

Resources

An Encyclopedia of Country Living Guide: Growing Your Own Vegetables by Carla Emery and Lorene Edwards Forkner

The Seed Site

Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners by William T. Stearn

The Vegetable Book by Colin Spencer

Bulbous Blog

 Spring Fever

Though the Northwestern temperature can't make up its mind, the early spring blossoms are bursting and have inspired me to learn more about the life cycle of the bulb plants that brighten the city each spring.

Bulbs are underground self-feeding factories.  Most bulbs are perennials and they can be categorized into several groups, including true bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers and tuberous roots.  Bulbs and corms are the two main varieties that we see in the early springtime so pictures of the rhizomes, tubers and tuberous roots will have to wait until mid-spring! 

True Bulbs

True bulbs have several fleshy layers of nutrient storage surrounding the developing flower bud and leaves, covered in a tunic or papery top layer for added protection.  Examples of true bulbs include daffodils, tulipis, hyacinths and grape hyacinths.

Corms

Corms are solid swollen stems with the bud on top which produces the flowers and leaves (rather than in the center of layers like the true bulbs).  They also are covered in a thin protective tunic.  Crocuses are the most commons corms of early spring.

 Rhizomes

Rhizomes grow horizontally underground, with roots shooting off the bottom of a central pipe, and flowers and stems blooming off the top.  Fragrant lily-of-the-valley is a famous rhizome plant.

Tubers

Tubers are built in a similar manner to true bulbs and corms but they lack a tunic and have several eyes from which the flowers and leaves can develop.  Unlike the corm, which roots from the bottom, tubers can produce roots on its top and sides.  Common tubers include the potato and caladiums.

Tuberous Roots

Tuberous roots are unique bulbs in that their roots are used to store nutrients, rather than in the swollen tissue itself.  Dahlia's are the summer's most famous tuberous roots.

Care

 

Seek out large and healthy bulbs.  Bulbs are sun-loving but since they come up before the deciduous trees grow leaves, they can be grown in many places.  Bulbs are best planted in clumps--they look great together and are difficult to force into a specific pattern.  They are generally planted in the fall (so don't be misled by displays that are selling bulbs this time of year--unless you want to get a head start on your fall garden planning). 

Plant bulbs in well-draining soil that has been aerated and amended with compost.  An application of phosphorous will aid in the root development of the bulb.  The soil quality at the time of planting will determine how well the bulbs do.  In general, plant bulbs at a depth 3 times the diameter of the bulb. 

 

Rodents and birds love finding bulbs so remedies for bulb protection should be considered.  Mesh wire sheet placed over the bulbs will allow the foliage to grow but keep the critters out.  Also, crushed oyster shells deter pests when applied around the bulbs and on top of the soil.  The oyster shells have the added benefit of providing nutrients to the soil.

If your garden is a bit crowded, it's a good idea to mark the planting area to avoid digging up the bulbs throughout the year.  Once planted, bulbs will return year after year (even if you've forgotten about them!) and they will brighten the spring season, with varieties blooming from February through June.

While on the subject of spring fever in Seattle, the Cherry Blossom can't go unmentioned.  Cherry Blossoms are Japanese by origin and produce small white and pink flowers before growing leaves in late spring.  The big blooming season for these bright flowering trees is still a few weeks away but their early pink petals (especially found in bulk on the UW quad) are a sign that the winter rains are coming to an end!

  

Resources

The American Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers

Flora's Gardening Cards, chief consultant: Tony Rodd

Rodale's Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening

University of Illinois Extension